This letter proposes a simple and effective method for constructing higher-order three-dimensional (3D) signal constellations. The proposed approach introduces a novel 3D hexagonal quadrature amplitude modulation (3D-HQAM) scheme, where constellation points are systematically arranged in a 3D signal space to form structured lattice configurations. To address the increased decision complexity resulting from a larger number of constellation points, a dimension reduction (DR) technique is introd...

Randomized neural networks (RNNs) offer fast learning by randomly initializing hidden layer weights, making them efficient for classification tasks. The broad learning system (BLS), a notable RNN variant, is built on a flat, incrementally expandable architecture that avoids deep structures and backpropagation, enabling rapid and efficient learning. However, traditional BLS assumes equal importance for all training samples, which limits its performance on real-world datasets often affected by ...

Advancements in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that deliver higher storage capacity, energy density, and power density are essential to meet the growing power demands of modern technologies. The increasing use of lightweight micro-devices in flexible and portable electronics—such as wearable health monitors, implanted medical devices, smart cards, and IoT sensors—further emphasizes the need for miniaturization of energy storage. This report describes a high-performance, lightweight, binder-free...

Carcinogenic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB) pose severe environmental and public health concerns due to their toxic nature and resistance to conventional treatment processes. In this work, we have synthesized a series of chromium-doped barium stannate (BaSn<inf>1-x</inf>Cr<inf>x</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, x = 0.025–0.10) photocatalysts through a facile hydrothermal approach to effectively address this problem. Structural characterization revealed that increasing chromium doping above a critical leve...

Reconfigurable, high-speed, and energy-efficient modulators are central to the advancement of next-generation optical communication and signal processing systems. Here, we demonstrate a micro-ring modulator based on semiconductor heterojunctions of silicon and indium tin oxide (ITO). The device exploits field-effect induced refractive index tuning in accumulation layer of ITO which has strong plasma dispersion and epsilon near zero (ENZ) effect enabling efficient electro-optic modulation with...

The experimental studies of corrosion on bulk lightweight single-phase B2 Ti<inf>25</inf>V<inf>25</inf>Cr<inf>25</inf>Al<inf>25</inf> multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) have been performed. This MPEA has superior resistance to corrosion in 0.6 M sulphuric acid solution, showing the lowest corrosion rate of 0.0052 mmpy. The studied MPEA shows good polarization resistances of 1.125E4 Ω.cm2, 5.398E3 Ω.cm2, and 4.929E3 Ω.cm2 in 1.2 M H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> for different time periods of 12,...

Purpose: Viral infections are still a significant global health concern, causing serious diseases and high mortality rates, highlighting the urgent need for effective antiviral strategies. Peptide aptamers consisting of a short peptide sequence embedded inside a scaffold protein can be an attractive alternative to the current anti-viral strategy. In the review article, we aimed to compile the peptide aptamers developed against viruses so far, both as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Methods:...

This study investigates the deformation behavior, texture characteristics, and dislocation structures of an Mg-0.4 Bi-0.4Sn alloy subjected to 3% compression. The electron backscatter diffraction imaging reveals the formation of { (Formula presented.) } twin, in addition to the typical tension, compression, and double twins observed in magnesium alloy. The strain-to-failure of the alloy is found to be an impressive 20.9% which can be due to the spread in texture intensity, activation of vario...

Floods in the Nepal Himalayan region pose severe challenges to hydro-infrastructure design, agricultural production, and risk management. With the advent of global warming, the changing patterns of precipitation and temperature will alter the annual flood hydrographs. However, the variation in the flood hydrograph properties in response to the changing climatic conditions in the Nepal Himalayas has been explored less. This paper assesses the changes in flood peak, flood volume, and flood dura...

This book explains microbial roles for agricultural sustainability, especially under climate changes, including the role of microorganisms in sustainable agriculture. Major coverage entails microbial enzymatic roles in agriculture, microbial phytohormones as promising sustainable plant bioagents, and phosphate-, potassium-, and calcium-solubilizing microbes as alternative biofertilizers. It introduces microbial solutions to mitigate the biotic and abiotic stress, with high attention to rising...

Limestone and coal scarcity demands alternative cement materials, yet agricultural-residues remain underexplored for dual-purpose as biofuel → limestone/SCM. This study investigates de-oiled seed cakes (DSCs) from sesame and sunflower as biofuels and their combustion residues, de-oiled seed ashes (DSAs), as cementitious materials. DSCs exhibited calorific values of 4740–5217 kcal/kg and 20.85%–21.80% of ash, confirming biofuel suitability. XRF revealed CaO contents of 60.60% in DSA-S and 17.3...

Optimizing hot deformation conditions is critical for achieving efficient thermo-mechanical processing of advanced alloy systems. In this study, a multicomponent Ni<inf>48</inf>Cu<inf>10</inf>Co<inf>2</inf>Ti<inf>38</inf>Ta<inf>2</inf> alloy was developed, exhibiting a refined eutectic microstructure composed of NiTi and Ni<inf>3</inf>Ti phases, along with coarse Ti<inf>2</inf>Ni and NiTi dendritic phases. High-temperature compression tests were performed using a Gleeble® thermo-mechanical si...

Developing materials with outstanding oxidation resistance and structural stability is essential for applications where mainly exposed to temperatures. In this context, tungsten (W) is renowned for its ability to form stable, protective oxide layers at high temperatures. Herein the present study explores the oxidation behavior of powder metallurgy processed AlCrNiFeMnWx (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) at isothermal temperatures of 200 and 500 °C for 50 h to assess their...

This study develops a theoretical model consisting of a fiber-reinforced elastic layer overlying a homogeneous half-space to analyze the influence of shear stress discontinuities on free-surface motion. Analytical solutions for the displacement field are derived using the Laplace transform method in combination with the generalized Cagniard-de Hoop technique. The influence of three distinct types of stress discontinuities on free-surface dynamics is examined. Numerical computations of the dis...

It is well known that nitrite is widely used in industrial and agricultural sectors as a preservative, corrosion inhibitor, and intermediate in chemical synthesis

Machine learning (ML), an area of artificial intelligence (AI), facilitates machines in acquiring knowledge and advancing their capabilities through experience rather than explicit coding. Owing to its remarkable capabilities in data tasks, including classification, clustering, and regression, it has gathered huge attention in additive manufacturing (AM) over the past few years. Commonly referred to as three-dimensional (3D) printing or rapid prototyping, AM is a type of manufacturing process...