Algal nanotechnology: a novel approach for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles along with lipid production, and wastewater treatment

Abstract

Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that can convert sunlight and CO2 into sustainable energy sources such as biofuel, food, and other high-value substances [1–4]. They can also be cultivated in extensive culture facilities for bulk culturing and industrial applications [1]. Microalgal cells contain a broad spectrum of bioactive chemicals, making them a good source of high-value substances [1]. The most widely used taxonomy of algae was developed by F.E. Fritsch, recognized as the "Father of Phycology" [5]. According to Fritsch, green algae are classified as part of the Chlorophyceae family, including freshwater, some marine, and only a few terrestrial algal species. Chlorophyll a and b, together with carotenoids and xanthophylls, are the most common pigments in green algae [6]. They can range in size from single cells to multicellular organisms. Microalgae are ideal candidates for the biodiesel industry because they produce high-value compounds, can be harvested quickly, and grow continuously throughout the year. They also have higher productivity without competing with other food sources and can use various water types, from freshwater to wastewater [7].