High performance biphasic NaxMn0.60Ni0.30Cu0.10O2 cathodes for Na+ batteries

Abstract

The intermittent and unstable nature of renewable energy sources has necessitated the development of efficient energy storage systems. Among the various available energy storage systems, the electrochemical energy storage systems are dominant owing to their high-efficiency level, fast response time, and low self-discharge. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the electrochemical energy storage systems that has been extensively used to meet today’s market requirements. However, the uneven and scarce distribution of Li reserves is expected to increase the cost of LIBs and raise sustainability-related issues. This has motivated the scientific community to explore alternative battery technologies. Due to the similarity in the working mechanisms of sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) & LIBs, and the relative abundance of Na, NIBs have emerged as a favorable candidate for stationary storage applications and mid-to-lowrange electric vehicles.