Synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) from natural resources and its deposition by atmospheric plasma spray technique for biomedical applications

Abstract

In this work, hydroxyapatite (HA) powders are synthesized from two different natural resources, namely: hen’s eggshell and Indian clam seashell. Initially, the hen’s eggshell is used to produce HA by hydrothermal reactions carried out at different conditions. Later pure HA powder is synthesized from Indian clam seashell by similar reaction conditions. Finally, a detailed study is made on the HAs synthesized from Indian clam seashell. To produce HA from the hen’s eggshell, a colloidal solution made of calcined eggshell powder, tricalcium phosphate powder, and demineralized water is kept in a closed ceramic vessel to perform the hydrothermal reactions. For this purpose, different temperatures (700 - 1000℃) for various time durations (1, 2, and 3 h) are applied to the solution by using a muffle furnace. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are employed to characterize the prepared powders.