Optimization and characterization of chromium-based P-type wide bandgap transparent conducting oxides

Abstract

The fundamental characteristics of any material are mainly dependent on its inherited structural composition, which provokes its suitability for various applications. Physical, chemical, and electronic properties of the material are derived from the arrangement and bonding of constituent particles, which provokes the solid material, an important aspect of the study.[1] Solids are categorized as amorphous or crystalline solids based on internal particle arrangement. Amorphous solids are characterized by disorder and random arrangement of the particles.[2] The lack of long-range order of the constituent particles leads to a unique class of properties. These materials show isotropic behavior, i.e., their properties are uniform in all directions due to the absence of a regular lattice pattern. This makes the amorphous solids unpredictable and inconsistent in their physical properties. They exhibit variations in elasticity, strength, and thermal expansion.[3] Glass and many polymers are some examples of amorphous solids. In contrast, crystalline solids are characterized by their highly ordered, periodic, and repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules.[1] The order is not just limited to a particular region but is inherent to the entire structure, creating a crystalline lattice. The regularity makes the predictability of this lattice structure result in a wide range of consistent and distinctive properties.