The Evolution of natural Dye-Sensitized solar Cells: Current Advances and future outlook

Abstract

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer a promising, low-cost, and versatile alternative to traditional photovoltaic systems. This review explores natural DSSCs, beginning with an introduction to DSSCs and their fundamental properties. Special focus is placed on sensitizers, particularly natural dyes such as chlorophyll, anthocyanins, carotenoids, tannins, and betalains, with a comprehensive exploration of their species and structures. A comparative analysis is provided in the form of a table summarizing the main components and cell characteristics of DSSCs using natural dyes. The review also examines recent advancements in both natural and synthetic dyes, including metal (Ru) complexes, Ru complexes, coumarin dyes, metal-free organic dyes, indole dyes, porphyrins, and the widely studied N3/N719/N712 dyes. Furthermore, we have included a thorough comparative analysis of natural and synthetic dyes, emphasizing the key challenges in advancing natural DSSCs along with potential solutions to address these issues. Additionally, the classification of natural dyes is briefly outlined, along with their pharmacological importance, offering a unique perspective on the intersection of dye chemistry and biological applications. Finally, the future prospects of DSSCs and their potential applications are discussed, providing a comprehensive view of the current landscape and future direction of DSSC technology. © 2024 International Solar Energy Society