Nanoengineered Advanced Materials for Enabling Hydrogen Economy: Functionalized Graphene–Incorporated Cupric Oxide Catalyst for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production

Abstract

Cupric oxide (CuO) is a promising candidate as a photocathode for visible-light-driven photo-electrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, the stability of the CuO photocathode against photo-corrosion is crucial for developing CuO-based PEC cells. This study demonstrates a stable and efficient photocathode through the introduction of graphene into CuO film (CuO:G). The CuO:G composite electrodes are prepared using graphene-incorporated CuO sol–gel solution via spin-coating techniques. The graphene is modified with two different types of functional groups, such as amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH). The -COOH-functionalized graphene incorporation into CuO photocathode exhibits better stability and also improves the photocurrent generation compare to control CuO electrode. In addition, -COOH-functionalized graphene reduces the conversion of CuO phase into cuprous oxide (Cu2O) during photo-electrochemical reaction due to effective charge transfer and leads to a more stable photocathode. The reduction of CuO to Cu2O phase is significantly lesser in CuO:G-COOH as compared to CuO and CuO:G-NH2 photocathodes. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) by CuO, CuO:G-NH2 and CuO:G-COOH is also investigated. By integrating CuO:G-COOH photocathode with a sol–gel-deposited TiO2 protecting layer and Au–Pd nanostructure, stable and efficient photocathode are developed for solar hydrogen generation. © 2020 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.