Factors affecting the rheology of cement-based composites: A review

Abstract

Rheology, the study of flow and deformation in materials, is key to understanding the flow behavior of fresh cementitious materials, which, in turn, influences their hardened properties and durability. The rheology of cementitious mixes is complex and significantly impacts their fresh-state application in construction. Understanding and controlling the factors affecting rheology is crucial for optimizing mix designs and improving construction practices. This study provides an in-depth understanding of cementitious mix rheology, factors influencing rheology, optimization, and its correlation with mathematical models. The paper presents the impact of internal factors, such as water–cement ratio and cement fineness, as well as external factors, like temperature, shear rate, and time, on the rheology of cementitious materials. The study examines how these factors influence fundamental rheological characteristics and behaviors such as thixotropy and shear thinning. It outlines ways to optimize mix designs, enhance workability, and improve emerging technologies like 3D concrete printing. Additionally, it correlates available mathematical models with the identified influencing factors. This analysis fills a gap in existing literature and contributes to advancing concrete technology and its practical applications, paving the way for innovative solutions in the construction industry. It also provides directions for future research in rheological behavior modeling, potentially leading to more efficient and sustainable concrete construction practices. © 2025 The American Ceramic Society.