Impedance shaping schemes for Single-phase DERs integrated to Three-phase systems

Abstract

With the integration of power electronic converter based distributed energy resources (DERs), our power generation system is shifting towards a distributed structure. Utility gridbased generators are becoming old. This focus on green energy generation has led to the inclusion of converter based distributed generation which is replacing utility based synchronous generators at a fast pace. In the current trend, several single-phase grid forming converters (SPGFCs) are working in synchronism to create large three-phase microgrids (MGs). When a large number of such single-phase generators are connected to form a threephase system, efficient power sharing due to mismatched line impedance becomes difficult. For power sharing improvement, we propose an impedance shaping method for single-phase islanded converters connected in a delta configuration. This method is completely decentralized, therefore the need of additional communication and sensing networks are not required. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by performing offline and controller hardware-in-loop (CHIL) simulations with various types of loads. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.