Maximizing Weighted Function in STAR-RIS Aided SWIPT-IoT with Discrete Phase Shifting

Abstract

The conventional reflection-only Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) extends its 180-degrees coverage to 360-degrees with Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting-RIS(STAR-RIS). When integrated with the Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) system, it enhances performance by directing energy and information signals to energy receiver (ER) and information receiver (IR), with Energy Splitting (ES) and Mode Switching (MS) operational protocol. Considering a practical system with discrete phase shift (DPS) model and non-linear energy harvesting (EH) model, we aim to maximize the weighted rate-energy (WRE) function, with certain QoS constraints by optimizing power parameters. An alternating optimizing (AO) algorithm solves the complicated WRE maximization problem. Numerical results highlight the impact of energy split ratio and element division on the performance, with the critical selection of DPS level (quantization bits) balancing device bulkiness (phase control bits) and system efficiency. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.