Miniaturized IoT-enabled MoS2-based electrochemical sensor for real-time adenine monitoring

Abstract

Adenine is a crucial biomarker found in blood, with abnormal fluctuations often linked to various diseases, genetic mutations, and compromised immune functions. In this study, we present the development of a portable, internet of things (IoT) enabled electrochemical sensor based on multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS<inf>2</inf>) for real-time detection of adenine in aqueous solutions. The multilayer MoS<inf>2</inf>films were synthesized via an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) technique and characterized for their morphology, layer thickness, and elemental composition using optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy. The sensing performance of the synthesized multilayer MoS<inf>2</inf>was evaluated by transferring it onto interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). The resulting sensor demonstrated a significant electrochemical response over a broad linear range of adenine concentrations (10 μM to 100 μM), exhibiting excellent sensitivity (63.92 μA/μM), high selectivity, rapid response time, a low limit of detection (LoD) of 4.63 nM, and a limit of quantification (LoQ) of 15.27 nM. Furthermore, the fabricated sensor was successfully integrated with an IoT network, enabling real-time and remote monitoring applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.