A comparative study on A-site and B-site cobalt substitution in BaTiO₃ ceramics

Abstract

The study has been presented with importance of choosing BaTiO₃ as an ABO₃ perovskite material and investigates the synthesis and characterization of Cobalt-doped barium titanate (BaTiO₃) using the sol-gel method, with Cobalt concentrations of 0%, 3.125%, 6.25%,12.5%, and 25% at A-site and B-site doping. The study begins with an introduction to perovskite materials, followed by an in-depth examination of Barium titanate and its ferroelectric properties. The synthesized samples are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD analysis is used to identify phase transitions and structural modifications with increasing Cobalt concentration. SEM provides insights into the material's morphology, while Raman spectroscopy explores the local changes in vibrational spectra, due to doping. Additionally, a literature survey on doping in BaTiO₃ is included, emphasizing the effects of dopants such as Cobalt on the material’s properties and performance. Electrical and magnetic properties are investigated through IV (current-voltage) measurements, B-H loop analysis for magnetic hysteresis behavior, and dielectric measurements. Temperature-dependent dielectric analysis is carried out to understand the thermal stability and phase transitions of the doped material. Furthermore, magnetodielectric measurements are performed to examine the coupling between magnetic and dielectric properties under an applied magnetic field. Focusing on the influence of Cobalt and other dopants on the structural, electrical, and magnetic behavior of the material. This comprehensive study aims to provide a better understanding of the multifunctional characteristics of Cobalt-doped BaTiO₃.