Microplastic Pollution: Review of Degradation, Detection, and Treatment Technologies

Abstract

Microplastics, a pervasive environmental pollutant, pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and complex degradation mechanisms. Originating from primary and secondary sources, these microscopic plastic fragments infiltrate terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments, raising global concerns. Their slow decomposition releases toxic additives and facilitates the transport of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, further amplifying their ecological risks. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of microplastic degradation mechanisms, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological pathways, with an emphasis on their efficiency, limitations, and environmental implications. Furthermore, it evaluates advanced detection techniques, including spectroscopic, thermal, and mass-based methodologies, to enhance the accuracy and reliability of microplastic identification in diverse matrices. The study also examines emerging treatment strategies, such as membrane bioreactors, electrocoagulation, advanced oxidation processes, and bioremediation, assessing their scalability, economic feasibility, and effectiveness in mitigating microplastic pollution. Despite technological advancements, challenges persist in large-scale remediation, necessitating an integrated approach combining multiple treatment modalities. The findings underscore the urgent need for innovative policies, cross-disciplinary research, and global collaboration to curb microplastic contamination and develop sustainable mitigation frameworks. Future perspectives highlight the potential of AI-driven detection, biodegradable alternatives, and circular economy principles to revolutionize microplastic management and prevent further environmental deterioration. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.