Design and development of multifunctional electrochromic devices

Abstract

In the era of smart and adaptive technologies, materials that can sense and respond to their environment are reshaping modern electronics. Among them, electrochromism stands out as a key concept for flexible smart windows, energy-efficient systems, and multifunctional devices. Electrochromic materials can dynamically modulate color and transparency under an applied bias while storing energy, bridging the gap between materials and intelligent electronics. Covering inorganic, organic, and hybrid systems, they exhibit tunable band gaps that lead to visible color changes. Typically, electrochromic devices (ECDs) employ a five-layered configuration, with performance evaluated through parameters defining efficiency, stability, and reversibility. The growing demand for flexible, multifunctional, and energy-efficient smart devices has accelerated research in electrochromic (EC) technologies. This thesis focuses on the design, synthesis, and development of advanced electrochromic and electrochromic-supercapacitor (ESCD) devices by integrating all-organic and organic-inorganic hybrid materials to achieve superior optical modulation, rapid switching, and enhanced mechanical stability.