An Equivalent Circuit-Driven Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Optimization Approach for FSS Design

Abstract

This paper presents a compact and efficient design methodology for a dual-band frequency-selective surface (FSS) covering the 2.4-2.5 GHz and 5.7-5.9 GHz bands. The approach couples a physics-driven equivalent-circuit (EC) formulation with a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to achieve accurate and fast inverse design. The target frequency response is first translated into an EC model, whose pole-zero characteristics guide the initial unit-cell geometry and significantly reduce the design search space. A MOGA is then employed to further refine the geometric parameters, capturing mutual coupling, substrate loading and higher-order interactions that lie beyond EC approximations. The optimized FSS exhibits a strong dual-band rejection exceeding -25 dB in each band, along with demonstrating polarization-insensitivity and angular stability up to 60° for both TE and TM modes. Owing to its compact topology, high selectivity and wide-angle stability, the proposed FSS is well-suited for interference mitigation in dense RF environments and makes it attractive for military applications, including electromagnetic shielding of communication terminals, protection of unmanned platforms and integration into radomes requiring low-profile, passive countermeasure solutions. © 2026 IEEE.