Distributed energy resources and control

Abstract

This chapter presents various types of distributed energy resource (DER) technologies, including both distributed generation units as well as distributed energy storages and their control in three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary level control of DER units in an islanded mode as well as in a grid-connected mode of operation is described. In addition, several secondary level controllers, such as decentralized, centralized, distributed, and hierarchical controllers, are demonstrated. Finally, this chapter discusses the results of applying secondary level decentralized, centralized, and two-level hierarchical controllers to the typical AC microgrid system. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.