NASICON-type La3+substituted LiZr2(PO4)3 with improved ionic conductivity as solid electrolyte

Abstract

NASICON-structured Li1+xZr2-xLax(PO4)3 (x = 0–0.2) solid electrolytes are prepared by sol-gel method. The influence of substitution of La3+ for Zr4+ on the ionic conductivity, morphology, and structure of the parent compound LiZr2(PO4)3 (LZP) is investigated. Rietveld refinement of powder x-ray diffraction data reveals that the La3+ substitution stabilizes the LZP in the highly conducting rhombohedral R3¯c phase at room temperature. La3+ substituted LZP display enhanced ionic conductivity, showing the highest ionic conductivity of 0.72 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature for the composition Li1.1Zr1.9La0.1(PO4)3. The improvement in conductivity of LZP with another aliovalent substituent, Mg2+, whose ionic radii is similar to Zr4+ (0.72 Å) is also investigated. Further, the activation energy decreases from 0.53 eV for the parent LZP to 0.42 eV for x = 0.1 La3+ substituted LZP. Lithium-ion transference number obtained by direct current polarization for Li1.1Zr1.9La0.1(PO4)3 is 0.99, confirming the high ionic conducting nature of the solid electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry recorded for Li1.1Zr1.9La0.1(PO4)3 shows electrochemical stability window up to ∼4.0 V vs. Li. In particular, La3+ substituted NASICON-type LZP (x = 0.1) exhibits good chemical and structural stability after exposing to air, water, Li metal, acidic and basic solutions. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd