This thesis aims to investigate the potential of modern advancements in carbon-carbon (C–C) bond formation, with a specific emphasis on C–H activation and functionalization facilitated by visible light-mediated photo-redox catalysis and transition metal catalysis. These innovative strategies enable the construction of C–C bonds under mild conditions, typically at room temperature, offering a greener and more sustainable approach to synthetic transformations. In Chapter 1, we introduced the li...

[Abstract is restricted for 02 Years, due to IPR related issue]

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are luminous objects at the centers of galaxies powered by material accreting onto supermassive black holes (106–108 M⊙). Unlike normal galaxies dominated by stellar emission, AGNs emit across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to tera-electronvolt (TeV). energies. A fraction of AGNs host powerful relativistic jets, whose orientation determines their classification in the unified AGN scheme. Blazars, a sub-class of AGNs with jets aligned closely to the obs...

With the increase in high-speed-data demand for the upcoming fifth generation (5G) and beyond communication systems visible light communications (VLC) has emerged as a low-cost, green, and secure technology complementary to the currently congested traditional radio frequency (RF) communications owing to its wide license-free spectrum. In VLC, data transmission is achieved by modulating the intensity of light emitted from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Using LEDs as transmitters, VLC enables si...

The 10H-Phenothiazine has a tricyclic structure consisting of two benzene rings fused to a central thiazine ring. Its chemical structure can be represented in Figure 1. The phenothiazine has a nonplanar shape, good photostability, and thermal stability. The colourless crystalline solid compound 10H-phenothiazine has an absorption maximum in dichloromethane at 316 nm. Phenothiazine can be functionalized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction at the nitrogen (N) position or electrophilic sub...

This study presents the partial Cr-doping in Na4Mn9O18 to synthesize tunnel-structured Na4Mn7.2Cr1.8O18 through a conventional solid-state method, followed by comprehensive physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations as a cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The partial substitution of Mn3+ with Cr effectively reduced the Jahn-Teller distortions and stabilized the material for efficient Na+ ion diffusion. Detailed physicochemical investigations, including thermogravimetric analy...

Chemotherapeutics/preventive nanomedicines such as Doxorubicin (DOX) (a DNA-intercalating topoisomerase II inhibitor), and Tamoxifen (TAM) (a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)), are among the commonly used therapeutics to eradicate cancer. The non-specificity of DOX towards non-cancerous cells, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance have made researchers look for alternative modes of chemotherapy. This research focuses on the development and evaluation of dual drug (DOX and TAM) lo...

For addressing the global energy crisis, this experimental and numerical study investigates HTL-free Cs2AgBiBr6 (CABB) double perovskite solar cells (DPSCs), highlighting their lead-free, non-toxic, and thermally stable properties. The FTO/TiO2/CABB/Carbon-structured DPSCs showed >95 % PCE retention (1.63 % to 1.57 %) after 200 h. The underlying charge transport dynamics reveal a high RRec (1625 Ω), long τe (0.226 s), and efficient ηcce (89.65 %). Additionally, the estimated Ln (3.86 µm) and ...

We introduce Indic-ST, a novel dataset for speech-to-text translation (ST) task from English to Indic languages to bridge the performance gap. ST involves converting spoken input in one language into written text in another, playing a key role in real-world applications like subtitling, lecture transcription, and multilingual communication systems. Despite several efforts like Meta's seamless m4t, OpenAI's Whisper, or Google USM model, the performance of ST models on low-resource languages la...

Q-learning (QL) is a widely used algorithm in reinforcement learning (RL), but its convergence can be slow, especially when the discount factor is close to one. Successive over-relaxation (SOR) QL, which introduces a relaxation factor to speed up convergence, addresses this issue but has two major limitations. In the tabular setting, the relaxation parameter depends on transition probability, making it not entirely model-free, and it suffers from overestimation bias. To overcome these limitat...

The hadronic phase and its dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are topics of immense discussion. The hadronic phase contains various massive hadrons with an abundance of the lightest hadron, i.e., (Formula presented.) -mesons (pions). In this paper, we consider that pions are in the thermal equilibrium in the hadronic phase and use second-order viscous hydrodynamics for a medium of massive pions to obtain its expansion to the boundary of the kinetic freeze-out. We achieve the kineti...

The development of efficient and multifunctional electrocatalysts is crucial for advancing catalytic applications, including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). These three reactions are among the most crucial electrochemical processes, playing a central role in various energy conversion and storage systems, such as fuel cells, water electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries. In this work, we study the structural, e...

Precipitation variability across urban regions in changing climate influences the regional hydrology, increasing flood challenges, and impacts the water availability patterns. In this study, we provide a risk assessment for Indian smart cities with variations in the precipitation amount. In order to quantify the inter-relationship between elevation and precipitation variability using the entropy theory at multiple scales across the homogeneous precipitation zones of India. The study considere...

Gradient nanograined metals, as advanced metallic materials, have been widely studied for their better mechanical properties. Due to the spatial gradient distribution of grain size, gradient nanograined metals exhibit the spatially gradient distribution of stress, which alleviates the stress concentration and reduces the chances of occurrence of strain localization, thus enhancing the ductility of metallic materials. The stress distribution in gradient nanograined metals has been widely repor...

Urine dipsticks are commonly used to detect pathological changes in urine due to their low cost and easy operation, having glucose parameter to detect glucosuria. Despite their advantages, the urine dipstick is ineffective in the early detection of diabetes due to its limitations in the detection of glucose below 100 mg/dl. Here, we present a novel, cost-effective ambient ring light-based smartphone platform to accurately estimate urinary glucose concentrations in lower points utilizing gluco...

In the fast-advancing world of photovoltaic technologies, lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are gaining noteworthy attention due to their high tendency to offer a combination of environmental sustainability and improved stability. Here, we have explored the impact of temperature variations on the synthesis and the performance of Cs2AgBiBr6 as lead-free double perovskite solar cell, with a significant focus on boosting both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and ambient condition processa...

This work is devoted to the study of the effect of small Bi additives on the functional properties of Pdx:Bi/Al2O3 catalysts in the selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. The catalysts obtained by the joint impregnation method were characterized (TEM) by high dispersion of bimetallic nanoparticles with a median diameter of 4–5 nm. The structure of the Pd-Bi solid solution was confirmed via XPS and showed a change in the valence state of Pd and Bi depending on the Bi content, as well...

A set of phosphine-free Ru(II)-CNC pincer complexes with benzimidazolylidene-based CNC-ligands has been synthesized and characterized, which show excellent catalytic activity toward α-alkylation of ketones using primary alcohols. DFT investigations revealed that these seemingly nonbifunctional complexes can operate via inner- and outer-sphere mechanisms for the alcohol dehydrogenation step

Using the firm-level data, this paper investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment in Research and Development (FDI-R&D) on firms' innovation output in the Indian context during 2010–2020. We hypothesize that foreign investment brings intangible knowledge about the recent technological advancements, international scientific practices, and working culture of global laboratories to domestic firms and thus improves the innovation performance of such firms. The major challenge in conducti...