Study of Hadronic Shower models in cosmic ray events in GRAPES-3 experiment at Ooty

Abstract

Cosmic rays (CR) were discovered at the turn of the twentieth century, and their research has benefited a variety of scientific sectors such as Astrophysics and Par ticle Physics. There are, nevertheless, many unsolved questions. The sources and processes of cosmic-ray acceleration at ultra-high energies are currently unclear. It is necessary to improve both the descriptions and the precise measurement of mass composition. Cosmic ray study focuses on astrophysical studies of its origin, acceleration mechanism, and involvement in galaxy dynamics. The energy, atomic number, the density of the primary particles at ground level, and other variables are calculated using air shower simulation software. The model assumptions and simulation fidelity determine the outcomes. The most significant source of error in determining the composition of the CR spectrum over different energy ranges is the systematic differences that arise based on the models chosen. It could only be overcome by accurately describing the various interactions involved. Since the energies involved are very high, the tuning of models based on the most recent accelerator experiment is the best bet to solve this. However, the energies acquired in accelerators are much smaller than what can be achieved in a CR inter acting with atmospheric nuclei. We use a Monte Carlo simulation software called CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for KAscade) to investigate the extensive air shower.