Energy Harvested Device-to-Device MIMO Systems for Beyond 5G Communication

Abstract

With the evolution of wireless communication technologies, the growth of data-centric multi-rate multimedia services is exponentially impeccable. As per the Cisco report by 2022, there will be 28.5 billion networked devices and connections. Out of which 12.3 billion are the mobile-ready devices and connections. It is expected that the mobile data traffic is expected to grow sevenfold over 2017 by 2022 with a growth rate of 77 exabytes per month by 2022 Forecast (Update 2017:2022, 2019). The primary concern of the data-hunger devices is the energy efficiency (Singya et al. (IEEE Open J Commun Soc 2:617–655, 2021)). Green communications is one such prominent technology to address the energy needs of the devices to comply with the standards of 5th generation (5G) and beyond communication systems in attaining the key performance indicator of 10-year battery life (Series (Recommen ITU 2083:0, 2015)). In this chapter we address the energy harvesting (EH) in terms of linear and nonlinear methods. Non-depleting resources such as radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic signals find a prominent source for the battery-dependent nodes to draw the energy while simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), and wired powered communication networks. We further discuss the EH implementation protocols. Next, we introduce the device-to-device (D2D) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) relays along with SWIPT. We also examine the practical constraints such as feedback errors and imperfect channel state information on the system performance, and useful insights in system design are provided accordingly by considering the impacts of channel conditions, multiple antennas, and energy harvesting parameters. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.