Classification of focal and non-focal EEG signals using optimal geometrical features derived from a second-order difference plot of FBSE-EWT rhythms

Abstract

Background/introduction: Manual detection and localization of the brain's epileptogenic areas using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is time-intensive and error-prone. An automated detection system is, thus, highly desirable for support in clinical diagnosis. A set of relevant and significant non-linear features plays a major role in developing a reliable, automated focal detection system. Methods: A new feature extraction method is designed to classify focal EEG signals using eleven non-linear geometrical attributes derived from the Fourier–Bessel series expansion-based empirical wavelet transform (FBSE-EWT) segmented rhythm's second-order difference plot (SODP). A total of 132 features (2 channels × 6 rhythms × 11 geometrical attributes) were computed. However, some of the obtained features might be non-significant and redundant features. Hence, to acquire an optimal set of relevant non-linear features, a new hybridization of ‘Kruskal–Wallis statistical test (KWS)’ with ‘VlseKriterijuska Optimizacija I Komoromisno Resenje’ termed as the KWS-VIKOR approach was adopted. The KWS-VIKOR has a two-fold operational feature. First, the significant features are selected using the KWS test with a p-value lesser than 0.05. Next, the multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) based VIKOR method ranks the selected features. Several classification methods further validate the efficacy of the features of the selected top n%. Results: The proposed framework has been evaluated using the Bern-Barcelona dataset. The highest classification accuracy of 98.7% was achieved using the top 35% ranked features in classifying the focal and non-focal EEG signals with the least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) classifier. Conclusions: The achieved results exceeded those reported through other methods. Hence, the proposed framework will more effectively assist the clinician in localizing the epileptogenic areas. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.