Spectroscopic analysis of nanocellulose composites

Abstract

Nanostructured cellulose is a term referring to nanocellulose. This can be either cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), bacterial nanocellulose, or nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) that denotes nanostructured cellulose formed by bacteria. Acid hydrolysis of native fibers produces nanocellulose, which gives highly rigid and crystalline nanoparticles referred as CNC that are shorter (100–1000nm) than the CNFs obtained through grinding routes, microfluiodization, or homogenization. Rubber materials with large mechanical reinforcement and well-dispersed fillers have been obtained by melt-processing a diene elastomer matrix and tailored nanocellulose powders, having a modified interface as well as high specific surface area. CNCs can be used as a reinforcing mediator in numerous polymers not only because of their large specific surface area, nanocharacteristics of high strength, and obvious small size effect, but also being renewable, green, degradable, and lightweight properties. These properties seek some extensive characterization like Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, absorption or emission spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to evidence the formation of nanocellulose elastomer composites, which will be discussed thoroughly in this chapter. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.