Unlocking the potential of zirconia nanostructures in electrochemical sensing and sustainable energy solutions

Abstract

In the rapidly advancing domains of sensing and energy technologies, nanostructured zirconia have emerged as versatile and high-performance material. This review explores the multifaceted applications of nanostructured zirconia, focusing on their pivotal role in the development of advanced electrochemical sensors as well as their integration into sustainable energy technologies, including biodiesel production and supercapacitors. This review highlights the exceptional properties of zirconia which contributes to their enhanced performance in diverse applications. It also discusses, the various types of electrochemical sensors, elucidating their working mechanisms and underscoring the need for innovative materials such as zirconia nanoparticles to propel sensor technology forward. Additionally, it outlines the various synthesis techniques available for zirconia nanostructures. Extending beyond sensors, the review examines zirconia's catalytic efficiency in biodiesel production and its potential for boosting energy storage capabilities in supercapacitors. Despite the remarkable progress achieved, challenges and future directions are discussed, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to address existing limitations. This comprehensive overview underscores the transformative potential of nanostructured zirconia in driving both electrochemical sensing and sustainable energy advancements, offering a roadmap for future research. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.