Antibacterial and Osteogenic Applications of Ti-Cu Alloys: A Review of Current Research and Future Directions

Abstract

Dental implants are the standard for replacing missing teeth, with the Ti-6Al-4V alloy dominating the market due to its superior osteointegration. However, long-term implant success is often hindered by peri-implantitis, which stems from bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. To address this challenge, titanium-copper (Ti-Cu) alloys garner attention for their dual antibacterial and osteogenic properties. This review organizes and explores the antibacterial mechanisms of Ti-Cu alloys and their role in promoting osteogenesis in comparison to conventional alloys. Key findings from existing literature underscore the potential of Ti-Cu alloys to enhance implant performance and longevity. Although the literature is promising, further research is needed to determine optimal composition ranges that balance biocompatibility, mitigate cytotoxicity from copper ion release, and facilitate clinical translation. Ti-Cu alloys represent a transformative approach to improving implant outcomes and addressing the limitations of current materials. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.