The Climate Change and Agricultural Sector in India: Impact, Adaptation and Mitigation

Abstract

This article primarily explores the effects of climate change (CC) on India’s agricultural sector, employing land suitability analysis (LSA) and fuzzy methods (FM) as key approaches. Addressing this topic is crucial for shaping policies aimed at CC adaptation and mitigation. The research concluded that CC leads to severe harvest failure with major implications for agricultural producers and food security across the globe. Further, it has been found that temperature, precipitation and natural hazards are the main factors affecting primary crop production across different agro-climatic zones throughout India. Moreover, an increase in temperature of 4°C would decline agricultural yield by 25–40. An increase in temperature would deteriorate the agricultural yield by 49% and farm income in India. Utilising environmentally conscious technologies, create climate-resilient dry-land agricultural products to assist farmers in adapting to the consequences of CC. These strategies ought to be created to motivate smallholder farmers in the semi-arid tropics to use climate-smart technological solutions to increase agricultural productivity. © 2026 Indian Economic Association