Encapsulation of patterned carbon nanotube in PVA-SbQ hydrogels via embedded printing for advanced biocompatible organ patches

Abstract

The integration of electrically conductive materials into hydrogel matrices holds significant promise for biomedical applications. However, conventional methods often involve blending conductive materials directly into the hydrogel matrix, which can compromise both functionality and biocompatibility. Drawing inspiration from the principles of the Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) printing technique, this study introduces a novel approach that encapsulates patterned conductive material within high-water content hydrogels by embedded printing. This method aims to address the limitations of traditional approaches by offering enhanced functionality while maintaining biocompatibility. Through a meticulous formulation process, a conductive ink comprising Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Pluronic is suspended and printed in a carefully selected polyvinyl alcohol bearing styrylpyridinium group (PVA-SbQ) hydrogel precursor, resulting in a composite material with electrical conductivity, flexibility, and adhesion. By encapsulating the printed conductive pattern internally, direct contact between the conductive material and human body is circumvented, making it suitable for applications such as organ patches. This study not only demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach but also highlights its potential to revolutionize the fabrication of biomedical device. © 2026 The Authors.