Global and regional progress towards reduced burden of oral conditions between 2019 and 2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Abstract

Background WHO&apos

s Global Oral Health Action Plan (GOHAP) targets include a 10% relative reduction in the combined prevalence of main oral conditions by 2030. The first GOHAP evaluation was planned for 2023, with subsequent evaluations scheduled for 2026 and 2030. The aim of this systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 was to evaluate global and regional progress (2019–23) towards this target and related complementary indicators. Methods Using modelled estimates from epidemiological surveys and registries in 204 countries and territories, we estimated the age-standardised prevalence of untreated caries in deciduous and permanent teeth, severe periodontitis, edentulism, other oral disorders and orofacial clefts, and the age-standardised incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer. Progress towards GOHAP targets was measured by comparing the percentage change from 2019 to 2023 in the above indicators against the stated GOHAP target of a 10% relative reduction. Findings Globally, the age-standardised prevalence of main oral conditions declined (−1·55% [95% uncertainty interval −2·32 to −0·82]) between 2019 and 2023, but global cases increased by 3·07% (2·32 to 3·75), from 3·62 billion (3·35 to 3·95) to 3·73 billion (3·45 to 4·06). Among complementary indicators, reductions in age-standardised prevalence were observed for untreated caries in permanent teeth (−1·99% [−2·49 to −1·40]) whereas the age-standardised incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer increased (8·35% [0·13 to 16·32]), as did the age-standardised prevalence of orofacial clefts (2·25% [0·77 to 3·83]). Progress was heterogeneous across GBD super-regions, with south Asia having the largest reductions in the age-standardised prevalence of main oral conditions (−3·34% [−4·95 to −1·80]) and untreated caries in deciduous teeth (−9·09% [−17·62 to −0·08]). Sub-Saharan Africa showed the largest increase in prevalent cases of main oral conditions (9·51% [8·09–10·94]) and age-standardised incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer (14·86% [1·19–32·45]). The high-income super-region had an increase in the age-standardised prevalence of main oral conditions (1·24% [0·56–1·96]) and untreated caries in deciduous teeth (9·21% [6·60–11·89]). Interpretation Our modelled estimates of global trends in the prevalence of oral conditions from 2019 to 2023 suggest that early progress is modest and, at the current pace, insufficient to meet the 2030 GOHAP targets. Accelerated, equity-focused prevention and integration of essential oral health-care services within primary care and universal health coverage are needed, alongside strengthened oral cancer control and congenital anomaly care. Funding The Gates Foundation. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.