Heavy-flavored hadrons: A perfect tool to decipher the dynamics of hadronic collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

Abstract

This study presents the production dynamics of heavy-flavor hadrons such as D0 and Λc+ as a function of charged-particle multiplicity (Nch[jls-end-space/]) in (Formula presented) collisions at s = 13 TeV using a pQCD-based framework called PYTHIA8. The thermodynamically consistent non-extensive Tsallis distribution function is used to analyze the transverse momentum (pT[jls-end-space/]) spectra of D0 and Λc+[jls-end-space/]. The effective temperature (T[jls-end-space/]) and non-extensive parameter (q[jls-end-space/]) have been extracted and found to increase with Nch both for D0 and Λc+[jls-end-space/]. Exploiting the value of T and q[jls-end-space/], the speed of sound squared (cs2[jls-end-space/]) and Knudsen number (Kn[jls-end-space/]) are estimated to uncover the possibility of thermalization and applicability of hydrodynamics in a small collision system. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.