In-vessel composting of HMX and RDX contaminated sludge using microbes isolated from contaminated site

Abstract

Current study was carried out with an objective to remediate highly contaminated sludge with HMX and RDX obtained from an explosive manufacturing facility in North India employing indigenous microbes, Arthrobacter subterraneus (isolate no. S2-TSB-17) and Bacillus sonorensis (isolate no. S8-TSB-4) which were isolated from the same contaminated site. In-vessel composting of the explosive contaminated sludge was performed in 12 different bioreactors using cow manure and garden waste as bulking agents. 78.5% degradation of HMX was observed in reactor no. 2 with Bacillus sonorensis having combination of 10% sludge, 70% cow manure and 20% garden waste on 80th day. Two secondary metabolites Bis(hydroxymethyl)nitramine and methylene dinitramine were identified while studying the degradation pathway. Similarly, degradation of 91.2% was observed for RDX in reactor no. 11 with consortia of Arthrobacter subterraneus and Bacillus sonorensis on 80th day. During the study, release of significant nitrate and nitrite ions were observed. It has already been established that RDX and HMX degradation leads to release of nitrite/nitrate ions. The highest nitrite (reactor no. 11) and nitrate (reactor no. 2) release observed were 24.02 ± 0.05 mg/kg and 30.65 ± 0.99 mg/kg on 50th and 70th day, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic studies confirmed the attachment and presence of microbes with solid surface and no deformation in structure was observed in the microbial cells due to contamination stress. Findings of the study concluded that in-vessel composting assisted with native bacterial species can be a potential technology for the treatment of explosive contaminated sludge at the contaminated sites. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd