Selective anticancer activities of ruthenium(II)-tetrazole complexes and their mechanistic insights

Abstract

Abstract: Ruthenium-based metallotherapeutics is an interesting alternative for platinum complexes acting as anticancer agents after the entry of KP1019, NAMI-A, and TLD1339 in clinical trials. Herein, we have synthesized three new arene ruthenium(II)-tetrazole complexes viz. [Ru2(η6-p-cymene)2(2-pytz)2Cl2] (1), [Ru2(η6-p-cymene)2(3-pytz)Cl3] (2), [Ru2(η6-p-cymene)2(4-pytz)Cl3] (3) [2-pytzH = 2-pyridyl tetrazole; 3-pytzH = 3-pyridyl tetrazole; 4-pytzH = 4-pyridyl tetrazole] which have been characterized by different analytical techniques. To aid the understanding of the complex formation, reactions of the arene ruthenium(II) dimer with tetrazoles were investigated using the first principles-based Density Functional Theory (DFT) B3LYP method. Electronic structures, equilibrium geometries of the reactants and products with the first-order saddle points, reactions mechanism, the changes of enthalpy (∆H) and free energy (∆G), chemical stability, and reaction barriers of the complexes were computed using the B3LYP DFT approach. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these complexes was investigated by MTT assay on different cancer cell lines which reveal complex 2 as the most significant cytotoxic agent toward the HeLa cell line. The complexes have also shown a strong binding affinity towards CT-DNA and albumin proteins (HSA and BSA) as analyzed through spectroscopic techniques. Investigation of the mechanism of cell death by complex 2 was further performed by various staining techniques, flow cytometry, and gene expression analysis by RT-PCR. Inhibition of cell migration study has been also revealed the possibility of complex 2 to act as a prospective anti-metastatic agent. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.