Flexoelectricity in SrTiO3-based ceramics

Abstract

This work considers SrTiO3-based ceramics to get a holistic idea of flexoelectricity. The first principle approach studies the supercell model of SrO and TiO2 and the flexoelectric effect is quantified as strain gradient deformation/induced open circuit voltage. Several other methods, such as matrix implementation density functional theory (DFT), phase-field modeling, machine learning, and atomic column resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy for cracks, are discussed to estimate flexoelectric coefficient. Strontium-based materials such as graphite-added SrTiO3, Bi-doped SrTiO3 (0.75SrTiO3–0.25BiTiO3), epitaxial buffer layer membranes with circular drumheads holes, etc. are also studied for flexoelectricity. The effect of processing parameters, that is, variation in sintering time, force and size of measuring tip, and some specific methods, are discussed to vividly understand the phenomena of flexoelectricity. The method for finding flexoelectricity has become essential for further analysis. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.