Fundamentals of pyroelectric materials

Abstract

This chapter systematically presents the history of pyroelectric materials using a roadmap and the origin of pyroelectricity in materials. It is followed by an in-depth analysis of pyroelectric coefficients, figures of merit (FOM), and their significance. It finally discusses various pyroelectric materials and their applications. The emphasis of this chapter is on the types of pyroelectric coefficients and their contribution to practical applications. Then, the pyroelectric coefficient measurement method and parameters that affect the measurement process are covered in detail. The most commonly used methods are classified based on thermal excitation as continuous ramping/oscillation and heat pulse. Then, various pyroelectric FOMs, their use, affecting parameters, and strategies to improve the FOMs are also explained. The FOMs put forward and developed an interest in those selecting materials for designing sensors/detectors and thermal harvesting devices or developing novel pyroelectric materials. Further, pyroelectric materials, including single crystals, inorganic films, ceramics, organic materials, and polymers, are briefly discussed. Finally, applications in the areas of sensors/detectors, energy harvesting, pyro-electrochemical, and electrocaloric are summarized. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.